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Anatomy & Physiology II
BIO202 | 3 Credits
In Anatomy & Physiology II, you'll explore how key body systems—lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive—work together. Building on what you learned in the first course, you'll dive deeper into how the body defends itself, moves blood and oxygen, processes food, and maintains balance.
Professor: Jenilyn Mulkey
About This Course
What You’ll Learn
Expand on what you learned in Anatomy & Physiology I with our online Anatomy & Physiology II course, which examines major parts of the body and how they work independently and together.
- Discuss the composition and functions of blood, including blood homeostasis, and explain the principles and techniques of blood grouping and typing.
- Describe the anatomical structures of the heart, including the chambers, valves and major blood vessels and summarize the events of cardiac cycle.
- Explain the structure of different types of blood vessels and their role in circulation.
- Identify the components of the lymphatic system and immune system and describe how the lymphatic system functions in filtering and monitoring lymph and the immune system provides defense against pathogens.
- Identify the major organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions in exchange and transportation of gases.
- Identify the organs of the human digestive system and describe their functions in the digestion and absorption of food.
- Understand the importance of nutrition and metabolism and summarize the metabolic processes of utilization of macronutrients.
- Describe the structure and functions of primary organs of the urinary system and explain their role in urine formation, elimination, and regulation of urine concentration and volume.
- Explain the concept of body fluids with fluid compartments and describe the processes involved in water balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.
- Describe the structure and function of the reproductive system in both males and females along with their hormonal regulation.
- Explain the phase of human growth, development and aging.
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WANT US TO CHECK?Course Details
Learn about the reproductive system and the stages of human development. Anatomy & Physiology II also covers the lymphatic system and the three lines of defense our bodies have against pathogens. Gain knowledge of the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems as well as nutrition, metabolism, body fluid balances, and aging.
ACE-Recommended
ACE Code:
OOSL-0028
Flexible Schedule
29-day Average Course Completion
Transferred 6,300 times
$7,000,000 Saved on Tuition
Prerequisites
It is suggested, though not required, that students take Anatomy & Physiology I or its equivalent before enrolling in Anatomy & Physiology II.
Course Text
The required eTextbook for this course is included with your course purchase at no additional cost.
- Betts, J. Gordon, et al. Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd ed., Openstax, 2022
Course Checkpoints
Checkpoint 1: Cardiovascular System-Blood
- Function and Composition of Blood
- Characteristics of Blood
- Differentiation of Formed Elements from Stem Cells
- Hemopoietic Growth Factors
- Erythrocytes Part I
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
- Homeostasis: Vascular Spasm and Platelet Plug Format
- Homeostasis: Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
- Antigens, Antibodies, and Transfusion Reactions
Checkpoint 2: Cardiovascular System-the Heart
- Location, Size, and Shape of the Heart
- Membranes, Surface Features, and Layers of the Heart
- The Internal Structure of the Heart Part I
- The Internal Structure of the Heart Part II
- Coronary Circulation
- Heart Sounds
- Cardiac Output
- Cardiovascular Centers
- Factors that Influence Heart Rate
- Stroke Volume
- Structure of Cardiac Muscle
- Conduction System of the Heart I
- Conduction System of the Heart II
- Electrocardiogram
- The Role of the Heart in Maintaining Homeostasis
Checkpoint 3: Cardiovascular System-Blood Vessels and Circulation
- Histology of Blood Vessel Arteries and Arterioles
- Capillaries and Metarterioles
- Venules and Veins
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Overview of Systemic Circulation
- Thoracic Aorta and Major Branches
- Abdominal Aorta and Major Branches
- Arteries Serving the Upper Limbs and Lower Limbs
- Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Blood Resistance
- Variables Affecting Blood Flow and Blood Pressure
- Venous System
Checkpoint 4: Lymphatic and Immunity System
- Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- The Organization of the Immune System
- Introduction to the Barrier Mechanism of Innate Immunity
- Innate Immune System: Soluble Mediators and Inflammatory Response
- The Benefits of Adaptive Immune Repsonse
- Antigens
- T Cell Development and Differentiation
- T Cell Types and Their Functions
- B Cell Differentiation and Activation
- Antibody Structure
- Active, Passive, and Antigen-Driven Responses
- The Immune Response Against Pathogens
- Hypersensitivities
Checkpoint 5: Respiratory System
- Organs of the Respiratory System: Conduction Zone
- Organs of the Respiratory System: Respiratory Zone
- The Lungs
- Mechanisms and Breathing
- Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Respiratory Rate and Control of Ventilation
- Atmospheric Principles and Respiration Mechanics
- Gas Exchange Mechanism
- Oxygen Transport in the Blood
- Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
- Respiratory Adaptations and Challenges at High Altitudes
Checkpoint 6: Digestive System
- Overview of the Digestive System
- Histology of the Alimentary Canal
- Nerve & Blood Supply to the Digestive System
- Digestive Processes
- Regulatory Mechanisms
- The Mouth and Its Accessory Organs Part I
- The Mouth and Its Accessory Organs Part II
- Structure and Histology of the Stomach
- Digestive Functions of the Stomach
- Structure and Histology of the Small Intestine
- Structure and Histology of the Large Intestine
- The Liver
- The Pancreas and Gallbladder
Checkpoint 7: Nutrition and Metabolism
- Food and Metabolism
- Types of Metabolic Reactions
- Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
- Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I
- Carbohydrate Metabolism Part II
- Lipid Metabolism
- Protein Metabolism
- The Absorptive and Postabsorptive State of Metabolism
- Mechanism of Heat Exchange
Checkpoint 8: Urinary System
- Introduction to Urinary System
- Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
- Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- Gross Anatomy of Organs of Urine Transport
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
- Mechanism of Tubular Reabsorption
- Reabsorption and Secretion in the PCT
- Reabsorption and Secretion the Loop of Henle
- Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Autoregulation
- Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
- Diuretics and Fluid Volume
- Regulation of Ions in Urine
- Plasma Clearance and Its Applications
- Tubular Load and Transport Maximum
Checkpoint 9: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments in the Human Body
- Fluid and Solute Movement Between Compartments
- Regulation of Water Balance
- Roles of Electrolytes in the Body Fluid
- Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Ions
- Introduction to the Buffer Systems in the Body
- Mechanism of Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Checkpoint 10: Reproductive System
- Introduction to Human Reproductive Systems
- Scrotum and Testes
- Penis
- Sperm: Structure and Transport
- Hormonal Regulation of the Male Reproductive System
- External and Internal Female Genitals
- The Ovarian Cycle
- The Uterine Tubes
- The Uterus and Cervix
- The Menstrual Cycle
- The Breasts
Checkpoint 11: Human Development, Growth, and Aging
- Fertilization
- Implantation and Embryonic Development
- Embryogenesis and Organogenesis
- Pregnancy
- Physiology of Labor
- Stages of Childbirth
- Adjustments of the Infant from Birth to Early Life
- Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation
- Changes in the Composition of Breast Milk
- Mechanism of Aging and Factors Affecting Human Lifespan
- Fetal Development
Assignments & Grading
Your score provides a percentage score and letter grade for each course. A passing percentage is 70% or higher.
Assignments for this course include:
- 5 Benchmarks
- 1 Cumulative Benchmark
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Course Professor
Jenilyn Mulkey
MS, MLS (ASCP)cm
Jenilyn M. is a science instructor with Masters degrees in Biological Sciences and Curriculum and Instruction. After years behind a microscope as a medical laboratory scientist, she made the switch to education, teaching high school before moving into higher education, where she currently teaches full-time as a Senior Lecturer of Biology.
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Recommended by My Master’s Program
The school I applied to for my master's program recommended StraighterLine as a reasonably priced option for taking Anatomy & Physiology. I liked that it was self-paced and I could take it while living in another country!
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StraighterLine made it easy for me to get my nursing license in a different state! Just needed this class and you offered it … I’m forever grateful!
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Loved it!
I was able to take the majority of my nursing prerequisites with StraighterLine and it lightened my course load tremendously.
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Take the First Steps Toward Your Healthcare Career
Anatomy & Physiology II will deepen your understanding of the major areas of the body and all its systems. Whether you’re on your way to becoming a nurse, medical assistant, physical therapist, or pursuing another hands-on medical role, you’ll come away with the core knowledge you’ll need to be successful.
Why it matters:
- Healthcare continues to grow fast. In fact, the industry is expected to add around 1.8 million new jobs between 2022 and 2032.
- All types of healthcare workers need a solid grasp of how the human body works. Anatomy & Physiology II gives you the critical insight that you’ll need in both classroom and clinical settings.
In-demand careers in this field include:
Registered Nurse, Licensed Practical Nurse, Physical Therapist Assistant, Occupational Therapy Assistant, Medical Assistant, Radiologic Technologist, Surgical Technologist, Paramedic/EMT
How this course sets you up for success:
From understanding body systems to applying your knowledge in patient care, Anatomy & Physiology II is a key step on your healthcare educational journey. Ready to get started? Take that first step toward a rewarding, in-demand career today.
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